Executive Summary

The National Pension System (NPS) is India’s market-linked retirement framework regulated by PFRDA. It offers very low costs, equity participation, and unique tax advantages, but trades these benefits for restricted liquidity and mandatory annuity exposure.

This guide is written for:

• Retail investors building disciplined retirement savings

• High-income salaried professionals optimising taxes

• Self-employed professionals evaluating NPS alongside mutual funds

1. What Is NPS?

NPS is a defined-contribution pension system. Your retirement corpus depends entirely on:

• Total contributions

• Asset allocation

• Market performance over time

There are no guaranteed returns. Unlike EPF or PPF, NPS invests in equity and debt markets.

2. How NPS Works (Simple Flow)

1. Open an NPS account → receive PRAN (Permanent Retirement Account Number)

2. Select investment choice (Active or Auto)

3. Contributions are invested via PFRDA-approved fund managers

4. Corpus compounds until exit (normally age 60)

5. Partial lump sum + mandatory annuity at retirement

Key Takeaway
NPS is a long-duration, rules-driven product. Its strength lies in disciplined compounding, not flexibility.

3. NPS Account Types

Tier I (Mandatory – Retirement Account)

Tier I Account Overview

Feature	Details
Purpose	Retirement savings
Withdrawals	Restricted
Tax benefits	Yes
Lock-in	Till age 60

Tier II (Optional – Investment Account)

Tier II Account Overview

Feature	Details
Purpose	Flexible investing
Withdrawals	Anytime
Tax benefits	No
Lock-in	None

4. NPS Asset Classes

NPS Asset Allocation Buckets

Asset Class	What It Invests In	Risk Level
Equity (E)	Listed Indian equities	High
Corporate Debt (C)	Corporate bonds	Medium
Government Securities (G)	Central & State bonds	Low
Alternative (A)	REITs / InvITs (limited)	Medium

5. Investment Choices

Active Choice

• Investor decides asset allocation

• Equity capped at 75% till age 50, then gradually reduced

• Suitable for informed investors

Auto Choice (Lifecycle Funds)

• Allocation automatically adjusts with age

• Three variants: Conservative, Moderate, Aggressive

• Suitable for hands-off investors

6. NPS Returns: What to Expect

Historical long-term ranges (indicative, not guaranteed):

Returns vary by market cycles and fund manager performance.

7. Tax Benefits (Key Advantage of NPS)

Tax Deductions – Tier I Account

NPS Tax Benefit Structure

Section	Deduction Limit	Eligible Investors
80CCD(1)	Up to ₹1.5 lakh	All individuals
80CCD(1B)	Additional ₹50,000	All individuals
80CCD(2)	10%–14% of salary	Salaried (via employer)

Important: Employer contribution under 80CCD(2) does not fall under the ₹1.5 lakh limit.

Key Takeaway
For high-income salaried investors, employer NPS contributions are one of the most powerful tax-saving tools available today.

8. Withdrawal & Exit Rules

Normal Exit (Age 60 or Later)

NPS Exit at Retirement

Component	Treatment
Lump sum	Up to 60% – Tax-free
Annuity	Minimum 40% – Mandatory

Early Exit (Before Age 60)

NPS Early Exit Rules

Component	Treatment
Lump sum	Up to 20%
Annuity	Minimum 80%

Liquidity is the biggest limitation of NPS.

Key Takeaway
NPS rewards patience. If liquidity is a priority, it should not be your primary investment vehicle.

9. Annuity: Reality Check

Annuity choice materially impacts retirement income quality.

10. Charges & Costs

NPS is among the cheapest long-term investment products in India.

11. NPS vs Mutual Funds vs EPF

Product Comparison Snapshot

Parameter	NPS	Mutual Funds	EPF
Returns	Market-linked	Market-linked	Largely fixed
Liquidity	Low	High	Medium
Tax at exit	Partial	LTCG applies	Mostly tax-free
Cost	Very low	Medium	Low

12. Who Should Invest in NPS?

Suitable For

• High-income salaried individuals

• Investors in 30% tax bracket

• Those with EPF already maximised

Not Ideal For

• Investors needing liquidity

• Those seeking full control at retirement

13. Ideal NPS Strategy by Profile

High-Income Salaried Professionals (₹25L+)

• Maximise employer contribution under 80CCD(2)

• Prefer Active Choice with higher equity early on

Self-Employed / Professionals

• Use NPS mainly for 80CCD(1B) tax benefit

• Keep mutual funds as primary wealth engine

14. Risks & Limitations

• Policy and regulatory changes

• Mandatory annuity exposure

• Limited flexibility compared to mutual funds

15. Final Verdict

Use NPS as a tax-optimised retirement layer, not a standalone wealth creator.
The most effective strategy combines NPS + EPF + equity mutual funds.

Key Takeaway
NPS works best as a supporting pillar in a diversified financial plan—not as the core engine of wealth creation.

Disclaimer

This content is for educational purposes only and should not be considered investment advice. Tax laws and regulations may change. Consult a qualified financial advisor before investing.